The Lost Symbol Chapter 98-101

Part 98 Robert Langdon recaptured awareness with a devastating cerebral pain. Where am I? Any place he was, it was dim. Profound cavern dull, and completely still. He was lying on his back with his arms next to him. Confounded, he took a stab at moving his fingers and toes, calmed to discover they moved openly with no torment. What was the deal? Except for his cerebral pain and the significant dimness, everything appeared to be pretty much typical. Nearly everything. Langdon acknowledged he was lying on a hard floor that felt strangely smooth, similar to a sheet of glass. More unusual still, he could feel that the smooth surface was in direct contact with his exposed substance . . . shoulders, back, rear end, thighs, calves. Am I stripped? Baffled, he ran his hands over his body. Jesus! Where the hellfire are my garments? In the dimness, the spider webs started to lift, and Langdon saw blazes of memory . . . terrifying previews . . . a dead CIA specialist . . . the essence of an inked brute . . . Langdon's head crushing into the floor. The pictures came quicker . . . furthermore, presently he reviewed the nauseating picture of Katherine Solomon bound and choked on the lounge area floor. My God! Langdon sat straight as an arrow, and as he did, his temple crushed into something suspended just creeps above him. Torment detonated through his skull and he fell back, wavering close to obviousness. Sluggish, he came to up with his hands, grabbing in the dimness to discover the hindrance. What he discovered look bad to him. It appeared this present room's roof was not exactly a foot above him. What on the planet? As he spread his arms to his sides trying to turn over, both of his hands hit sidewalls. Reality currently occurred to him. Robert Langdon was not in a room by any means. I'm in a crate! In the dimness of his little, coffinlike holder, Langdon started beating uncontrollably with his clench hand. He yelled again and again for help. The dread that grasped him extended with each passing moment until it was grievous. I have been covered alive. The top of Langdon's unusual final resting place would not move, even with the full power of his arms and legs pushing upward in wild frenzy. The case, from everything he could tell, was made of overwhelming fiberglass. Sealed shut. Soundproof. Lightproof. Break confirmation. I will suffocate alone in this case. He thought of the profound well into which he had fallen as a little fellow, and of the startling night he spent stepping water alone in the murkiness of an endless pit. That injury had scarred Langdon's mind, troubling him with a staggering fear of encased spaces. Today around evening time, covered alive, Robert Langdon was experiencing his definitive bad dream. Katherine Solomon trembled peacefully on the floor of Mal'akh's lounge area. The sharp wire around her wrists and lower legs had just cut into her, and the smallest developments appeared to be just to fix her bonds. The inked man had severely thumped Langdon oblivious and hauled his limp body over the floor alongside his calfskin sack and the stone pyramid. Where they had gone, Katherine had no clue. The operator who had went with them was dead. She had not heard a sound in numerous minutes, and she thought about whether the inked man and Langdon were as yet inside the house. She had been attempting to shout for help, yet with each endeavor, the cloth in her mouth crawled back perilously nearer to her windpipe. Presently she felt moving toward strides on the floor, and she turned her head, daring to dream that somebody was coming to help. The monstrous outline of her captor emerged in the passage. Katherine pulled back as she flashed on the picture of him remaining in her family home ten years sooner. He slaughtered my family. Presently he walked toward her. Langdon was no place to be seen. The man hunkered down and held her around the midriff, lifting her generally onto his shoulder. The wire cut into her wrists, and the cloth stifled her quieted cries of agony. He conveyed her down the lobby toward the lounge, where, prior today, both of them had serenely tasted tea together. Where is he taking me?! He conveyed Katherine over the family room and halted straightforwardly before the enormous oil painting of the Three Graces that she had respected this evening. â€Å"You referenced you enjoyed this painting,† the man murmured, his lips basically contacting her ear. â€Å"I'm happy. It might be the exact opposite wondrous thing you see.† With that, he connected and squeezed his palm into the correct side of the tremendous edge. To Katherine's stun, the painting turned into the divider, turning on a focal rotate like a spinning entryway. A shrouded entryway. Katherine attempted to wriggle free, yet the man held her solidly, bringing her through the opening behind the canvas. As the Three Graces turned shut behind them, she could see substantial protection on the rear of the canvas. Whatever sounds were made back here were obviously not intended to be heard by the outside world. The space behind the artwork was confined, more like a lobby than a room. The man conveyed her to the far side and opened an overwhelming entryway, helping her through it onto a little arrival. Katherine wound up looking down a tight incline into a profound storm cellar. She attracted a breath to shout, yet the cloth was gagging her. The grade was steep and restricted. The dividers on either side were made of concrete, flooded with a somewhat blue light that appeared to exude from underneath. The air that drifted up was warm and sharp, loaded down with a scary mix of scents . . . the sharp nibble of synthetic concoctions, the smooth quiet of incense, the natural musk of human perspiration, and, plaguing it every one of the, an unmistakable atmosphere of instinctive, creature dread. â€Å"Your science intrigued me,† the man murmured as they arrived at the base of the incline. â€Å"I trust mine dazzles you.† Section 99 CIA field specialist Turner Simkins hunkered in the haziness of Franklin Park and kept his watchful eye on Warren Bellamy. No one had taken the trap yet, yet it was still early. Simkins' handset signaled, and he enacted it, trusting one of his men had spotted something. Be that as it may, it was Sato. She had new data. Simkins tuned in and concurred with her anxiety. â€Å"Hold on,† he said. â€Å"I'll check whether I can get a visual.† He crept through the brambles wherein he was stowing away and looked back toward the path from which he had entered the square. After some moving, he at last opened a sight line. Good lord. He was gazing at a structure that resembled an Old World mosque. Settled between two a lot bigger structures, the Moorish exterior was made of sparkling earthenware tile laid in perplexing diverse plans. Over the three gigantic entryways, two levels of lancet windows looked as though Arabian bowmen may show up and open fire on the off chance that anybody moved toward excluded. â€Å"I see it,† Simkins said. â€Å"Any activity?† â€Å"Nothing.† â€Å"Good. I need you to reposition and watch it cautiously. It's known as the Almas Shrine Temple, and it's the central command of a magical order.† Simkins had worked in the D.C. zone for quite a while yet was curious about this sanctuary or any old supernatural request headquartered on Franklin Square. â€Å"This building,† Sato stated, â€Å"belongs to a gathering called the Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.† â€Å"Never knew about them.† â€Å"I think you have,† Sato said. â€Å"They're an appendant body of the Masons, all the more ordinarily known as the Shriners.† Simkins shot a questionable look at the fancy structure. The Shriners? The folks who manufacture medical clinics for kids? He could envision no â€Å"order† less foreboding sounding than a society of givers who wore minimal red fezzes and walked in marches. All things considered, Sato's interests were substantial. â€Å"Ma'am, if our objective understands that this structure is in reality 'The Order' on Franklin Square, he won't need the location. He'll essentially sidestep the meet and go straightforwardly to the right location.† â€Å"My considerations precisely. Watch out for the entrance.† â€Å"Yes, ma'am.† â€Å"Any word from Agent Hartmann in Kalorama Heights?† â€Å"No, ma'am. You requested that he telephone you directly.† â€Å"Well, he hasn't.† Odd, Simkins thought, checking his watch. He's past due. Section 100 Robert Langdon lay shuddering, stripped and alone in all out obscurity. Deadened by dread, he was done beating or yelling. Rather, he had shut his eyes and was putting forth a valiant effort to control his pounding heart and his terrified relaxing. You are lying underneath a huge, evening sky, he attempted to persuade himself. There is nothing above you except for miles of all the way open space. This quieting perception had been the main way he had figured out how to endure an ongoing spell in an encased MRI machine . . . that and a triple portion of Valium. This evening, be that as it may, the representation was having no impact at all. The cloth in Katherine Solomon's mouth had moved in reverse and was everything except stifling her. Her captor had conveyed her down a thin incline and into a dull storm cellar hall. At the most distant finish of the lobby, she had witnessed a room lit with a ghostly ruddy purple light, yet they'd never made it that far. The man had halted rather at a little side room, conveyed her inside, and set her on a wooden seat. He had put her down with her bound wrists behind the seat back so she was unable to move. Presently Katherine could feel the wire on her wrists cutting further into her tissue. The agony scarcely enlisted close to the rising frenzy she was feeling over being not able to relax. The material in her mouth was slipping further into her throat, and she felt herself choking reflexively. Her vision began to burrow. Behind her, the inked man shut the room's solitary entryway and flipped on the light. Katherine's eyes were watering lavishly now, and she could no longer separate items in her quick environmental factors. Everything had become a haze. A twisted vision of brilliant substance showed up before her, and Katherine felt her eyes beginning to vacillate as she wavered on the brin

Daisy Miller free essay sample

This statement builds up the setting and time of the story, while the storytellers tone stays made and conversational. Strangely, the entire story is a tattle about Daisy Miller, and the tattle appears to show itself in the storytellers flashback. By the storyteller expressing that he â€Å"hardly [knew]whether it was the analogies or the distinctions in the brain of a youthful American,† it depicts the storytellers absence of information about Winterbourne, yet he keeps on discussing him. Hence, the presentation of the novel sets up the air of ceaseless tattle between people, despite the fact that it just depicts the area and time of the occasions. Curiously, toward the finish of the novel, the storyteller indeed assumes control over the story from Winterbourne, expressing another bit of tattle about the aims of his arrival to Geneva and the gossipy tidbits about him that kept on flowing about his â€Å"studying. † â€Å"I havent the least what such youngsters anticipate that a man should do. We will compose a custom paper test on Daisy Miller or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page However, I truly believe that you would be wise to not intrude with minimal American young ladies that are uncultivated, as you call them. You have lived excessively long out of the nation. You will make certain to make some incredible mistake† (370). Winterbournes auntie Mrs. Costello transfers this message to Winterbourne with their conversation of Daisy. Mrs. Costellos cautioning to avoid Daisy has no effect on Winterbourne in this occurrence; be that as it may, Mrs. Costello analysis of Daisy fills in as a wellspring of hinting, as Winterbourne does, to be sure, â€Å"make some extraordinary mistake† by seeking after Daisy. The misstep is in all probability the visually impaired decisions he made about Daisy being an honest and credulous young lady. His misreading caused him enthusiastic worry through desire of Mr. Giovanelli and disarray of Daisys excessively coquettish character. Toward the finish of the story, Winterbourne comes back to Geneva, incidentally exposed to bits of gossip and tattle about him by and by. Strikingly, this maybe recommends Winterbourne has gained literally nothing from his â€Å"great mistake† and encounters with Daisy. The storytellers tone close to the end appears to be unconcerned of the entire occasion, involving that Winterbourne has come back to Geneva effectively and as a similar man. Daisy Miller free article test Alexander Jack Papetsas AP Senior English Assignment: James’ utilization of Ambiguity in Daisy Miller and topic Ambiguity Conveys Theme in James’ Daisy Miller In the novella, Daisy Miller by Henry James, the complexities of social shows, sex generalizing and congruity are uncovered through the activities and expressions of the heroes. Daisy Miller is the young lady who welcomes a huge number of theory in regards to her character and conduct. James makes vagueness around Daisy as a sagacious look into the brutal social desires for the day. Daisy is active and frank, wants consideration, and strays into a territory that is viewed as unbecoming of a young lady going in Europe. Winterbourne acts a foil to Daisy’s character. His sober minded way to deal with life skims the tightrope between a confined and profoundly basic examination of Daisy’s activities, and a longing to dig into her brain and world. The ring of characters that encompass Winterbourne and Daisy serve to improve James’ center around the obsolete hover of social fire which places any individual who doesn't fit in with cultural codes under a consuming, amplifying glass of investigation. We will compose a custom paper test on Daisy Miller or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Through Daisy Miller, James utilizes uncertainty to portray a multilayered character which tries to set up its voice in the midst of an ocean of guess, analysis and customariness. Daisy Miller can't be categorized into a particular class of outlook and she exemplifies the uncertainty that James wants to pass on in his introduction of sexual orientation and customary generalizing. People are obliged to live by cultural guidelines, â€Å"†¦a youngster was not at freedom to address a youthful unmarried woman with the exception of under certain once in a while happening conditions† (1169). When Winterbourne first experiences Daisy, he sees her certainty and absence of humiliation at conversing with an abnormal man; her look was, â€Å"†¦perfectly immediate and unshrinking† (1170). These fundamental attributes are what separate Daisy Miller from her female partners. Winterbourne’s Aunt is by and large stayed inside a live with a cerebral pain, and Mrs. Mill operator is regarded to be, â€Å"†¦a basic, effortlessly oversaw person† (1180), who tires effectively and who is â€Å"dreadfully nervous† (1177). Daisy is neither a loner nor is she effectively anaged by anybody. Her given name of Annie is one which she dismisses for a name which speaks to something basic and unadulterated with transmitting white exuding from an enormous yellow circle. This image for euphoria and immaculateness is spoken to in Daisy, a stunning, youthful, guiltless lady who encapsulates a sun soaked heart which is open and welcoming. Winterbourne, by correlati on and name alone, is a firm, cold and confined persona. He is attracted to Daisy precisely for what she speaks to him, a puzzler and something contrary to himself. He has never experienced somebody like her and utilizations various descriptive words to put her in a progressively reasonable light. From the outset, he anticipates the term tease upon her, be that as it may, Daisy doesn't straightforwardly try to pick up the consideration and profound respect of men, it happens easily. While the facts confirm that she is fun loving in her talk with men, particularly in the trade with Eugenio and Winterbourne with, â€Å"Oh, I trusted you would make a complain! That’s all I need †a little complain! † (1182), this isn't a gadget which she utilizes unscrupulously. Winterbourne is confounded by her vague nature and her craving to impel him to interface with her, â€Å"I like to make you express those things! You’re a strange mixture† (1183). He just can't characterize her and this makes him awkward, and it turns into the foil which James uses to characterize the period. Straightforward ladies who grasp each inhale of consistently without flounder must be, in Winterbourne’s constrained vision, uninformed, playful, uncultured or venturesome and he battles to understand and adjust Daisy’s evident, certified guiltlessness with the portrayal that his Aunt nails to Daisy with, â€Å"†¦hopelessly vulgar† (118 6). James devises an unpolished critique on social shows through the ring of characters that encompass Daisy and demand corralling her soul and suppressing her autonomous nature. Ladies in James’ memorable period are promptly sorted and should act as per what is anticipated from them. The assurance of a woman’s character is set up, for the most part after just a concise experience or even without an experience. Mrs. Costello knows just what she has found out about Daisy Miller and her mom and denounces Daisy with, â€Å"The young lady goes about alone with her foreigners†¦They are horrendous people†¦bad enough to dislike†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1186). Along these lines, Mrs. Walker’s worry for Daisy’s notoriety is progressively a worry for her own notoriety and keeping up a specific degree of convention for the young lady and keeping her at the social level which she esteems adequate. On the off chance that Daisy wanders past this level it forces a specific degree of shame to the whole layers and each one of those ladies who recommend to it. Daisy dismisses this grouping with, â€Å"I don’t think I need to recognize what you mean†¦I don’t figure I should like it† (1193). Daisy totally can't identify with this degree of examination. She really doesn't see any mistake of disposition on her part that would actuate such a significant number of the individuals who encompass her to point a nauseated finger and belittle her. Daisy keeps on reprimanding Winterbourne, who falls prey to Mrs. Walker’s extraordinary degree of irritation, with a brutal chuckle, â€Å"I have never known about anything so firm! On the off chance that this is improper†¦then I am all ill-advised and you should give me up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1193). Daisy sees literally nothing inappropriate in her craving to take part in amicable conduct with somebody of the other gender and will not acknowledge the dismay that everybody attempts to force upon her. James’ vagueness stretches out to Daisy’s utilization of the word ‘exclusive’ and encourages his endeavor to depict the contrasts between the rich and advantaged Daisy and the other very much reveled ladies around her. This word selective has a multifaceted nuance, one of which indicates grandiosity and detachedness. The other undertone implies a la mode and popular. At the point when Daisy talks about Winterbourne’s Aunt she is vehement in her appraisal of Mrs. Costello’s ‘exclusive’ nature, â€Å"I need to know her very much†¦ She would be very exclusive†¦I’m biting the dust to be elite myself. Indeed, we are elite, mother and I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1178). Daisy is practically jubilant in her trade with Winterbourne and her craving to meet Mrs. Costello regardless of the way that Mrs. Costello’s assessment of her is something totally unique, â€Å"They are the kind of Americans that one carries out one’s responsibility by not-not accepting† (1175). Daisy has experienced childhood in a restrictive world which has, to a degree, avoided her from speaking with everybody acceptably, except which has permitted her to be slick and appreciate the designs of Paris that she adores. The questionable significance of this trade with Winterbourne serves to separate Daisy from the little disapproved of Mrs. Costello who rejects a gathering with her. This reality doesn't resentful Dais

Sports Activities at School Essay Example for Free

Sports Activities at School Essay Presentation The point of this report is to investigate why such a significant number of understudies aren’t persuaded to do a great deal of sports exercises at school. Various understudies and instructors were met and their proposals for changes to the strategies are summed up. The issue * There aren’t a variety of game exercises offered at school There don’t appear to be a great deal of sports that can be played at school. Just a couple of sorts of sports are offered and that are football, that isn’t even week by week and a genuine rivalry, and softball. On the off chance that these games don’t fit you, you haven’t got a great deal of chances to play sports at school. * Students don’t expect to brandish a ton any longer Understudies aren’t known for their plesure of moving and brandishing a great deal. The gadgets swallow a great deal of their extra time, and they aren’t inspired to play sports in their recreation time, on the grounds that it’s less energizing. Improving the circumstance What steps can be taken to improve the circumstance? I would suggest that instructors place more accentuation on expanding the various sorts of sports that are offered at school, so as to get understudies increasingly roused. At the point when they are permitted to pick the game that pulls in them most, they will turn out to be increasingly spurred. At the point when understudies are playing a game they appreciate, they will effectively oppose the moment tempation of their electronic games. End Understudies aren’t as propelled for sports as they ought to be. There aren’t enough games exercises offered at school, which prompts low inspiration with respect to understudies. As I would see it there ought to be given more decisions to the understudies what sport they need to rehearse. At the point when they get the chance to browse sports they appreciate, they will get increasingly spurred.

The Npa Of Punjab And Sind Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

NPAs have turned to be a major stumbling block affecting the profitability of Indian banks before 1992,banks did not disclose the bad debts sustained by them and provision made by them fearing that it may have an adverse. Owing to the low levels of profitability, banks owned funds had to be strengthened by repeated infusion of additional capital by the government. The introduction of prudential norms strengthen the banks financial position and enhance transparency is considered as a milestone measure in the financial sector reform. These prudential norms relate to income recognition, asset classification, provisioning for bad and doubtful debts and capital adequacy. the objectives of the study, and the study was conducted in Punjab sind bank., on An analysis of NPA in commercial banks with special reference to Punjab sind bank. To analyze the NPA level of Punjab sind bank. To study the recovery procedures of Punjab sind bank. To examine how far the bank has been successful in reducing the NPA level. INTRODUCTION OF BANKING SECTOR Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, a government-owned bank that traces its origins back to June 1806 and that is the largest commercial bank in the country. Central banking is the responsibility of the Reserve Bank of India, which in 1935 formally took over these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of India, relegating it to commercial banking functions. Af ter Indias independence in 1947, the Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader powers. In 1969 the government nationalized the 14 largest commercial banks; the government nationalized the six next largest in 1980. Currently, India has 96 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) 27 public sector banks (that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 31 private banks (these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 38 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 49,000 ATM HISTORY OF PUNJAB AND SIND BANK It was in the year 1908, when a humble idea to uplift the poorest of poor of the land culminated in the birth of Punjab Sind Bank with the far-sighted vision of luminaries like Bhai Vir Singh, Sir Sunder Singh Majitha and Sardar Tarlochan Singh. They enjoyed the highest respect with the people of Punjab. The bank was founded on the principle of social commitment to help the weaker section of the society in their economic endeavours to raise their standard of life. Decades have gone by, even today Punjab Sind Bank stands committed to honor the social commitments of the founding fathers. VISION MISSION Corporate Vision We envision to emerge as a strong vibrant Bank through synchronization of the human, financial and technological resources. Corporate Mission To put in place the effective Risk Management and Internal Control Systems. To adopt and operationalise high-level technology standards. To strive to achieve excellence in Customer Service. To achieve the highest standards of transparency and accountability in the conduct of banking business. To adopt professional approach in effectively managing financial as well as non-financial risks. To maximize profitability and profits of the Bank with due compliance of prudential guidelines. To maximize competitive risk adjusted return on capital, through planned reduction in the average cost of funds, increased yield on advances and investments besides reduction in cost of operations. 2.INTRODUCTION The Indian has been liberalized and globalize during the last decade or so. It has exposed the Indian financial sector to international competition in fairly significant manner. To cope with the growing competition in the present scenario the Indian banks have embarked on a massive exercise to revamp the system. Despite the overall progress made by the financial system over the years, the operational efficiency of the banking system has been unsatisfactory, characterized by low profitability, high and growing NPAs and relatively low capital base. NPAs have turned out to be a major stumbling factor affecting the profitability of Indian banks. Before 1992,bank did not disclose the bad debts sustained by them and the provision made by them fearing that it may have an adverse impact. The banks used to take income even on NPAs on accrual basis. This helped them to disclose false profits. Owing to low levels of profitability, the banks owned funds had to be strengthened by repeated in tention of additional capital by the government. The introduction of prudential norms to strengthen the banks financial position and enhance transparency is considered as a milestone measure in the financial sector reforms. These prudential norms, which relate to income recognition, asset classification, provisioning for bad and doubtful debt and capital adequacy serve three great purposes. 1. Income recognition norms reflect a true picture of the income and expenditure of the bank. 2. The asset classification and provisioning norms help in assessing the quality of the asset portfolio of the bank. 3. They also act as tool of financial discipline and compel banks to look at the quality of loans assets and the risk attached to the lending In India, NPAs are considered to at higher levels than most other countries, have of late attracted the attention of public as also of international institutions. This has gained further prominence in the wake of transparency and disclosu res measures initiated by R.B.I. during the recent years .We have also to conform to international accounting standards, if Indian banks are to get their due place and recognition in the global market. . . OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The general objective of the study was to analyze the NPA level in commercial banks. However the study was conducted with the following specific objectives. To analyze the NPA level of Punjab sind bank Limited. To study the recovery procedures of Punjab sind Bank Limited. To examine how far the bank has been successful in reducing the NPA level. To suggest measures for efficient management of NPAs. To bring out en explorative descriptive report on Analysis of NPA in commercial banks, with special reference to Punjab sind Bank Ltd., . METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY A purposeful investigation of a problem research helps an organization in finding out causes and clues for making sound and effective decisions by applying scientific methodology to the art of management. Research can be of two types namely Exploratory research and Conclusive research. Exploratory research is investigation of relationships among variables without knowing why they are studied. It borders on an idle curiosity approach, differing from it only in that the investigator thinks there may be a payoff in the application somewhere in the forest of questions. In Conclusive research there are two types namely Descriptive research and Experimental research. Descriptive research allows both implicit explicit hypotheses to be tested depending on the research problem. Experiments are artificial in the sense that the situations are usually created for testing purposes in experimental research. Based on all these facts and suggestion from the project guide Descriptive Explor atory Research Methodology is adapted for this project work. Sampling Technique Sampling refers to selecting a part of the population to represent the characteristics of the population. However, in this study, Finance Manager of the bank is the source of data and therefore, since he is the only one source of information, there is no question of any sampling.. Secondary data:- were collected from the published annual reports of the Punjab Sind Bank and other sources. Such data collected were analyzed for some kind of a trend and its impact on the profit of the bank. 2.3. TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF DATA The data collected were analyzed with the help of statistical tools like frequency, percentage and trend analysis. Tables are used to represent the consolidated data. Graphical representation is also used for better comprehension presentation. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The major limitation of the study was the paucity of time. Even then, maximum care has been taken to arrive at appropriate conclusion. Following are the limitations of the study: This study is restricted to Punjab Sind Bank only. For the purpose of collecting vital information, Finance Manager of the bank is only contacted interviewed. Since he is an individual, his biases may have creped into the data given. Though the subject matter pertains to commercial banks, only one scheduled bank. is considered for this study. Other commercial banks, as also the other scheduled banks are outside the purview of this study. Data pertains to NPA from 2000 -2001 to 2006 2007 only. Review of literature 1) Are Non Performing Assets Gloomy from Indian Perspective ? By : Arpita .A ,14 February 2010 The contaminated portfolio is definitely a bane for any bank. It puts severe dent on the liquidity and profitability of the bank where it is out of proportion. It is needless to mention, that a lasting solution to the problem of NPAs can be achieved only with proper credi ÂÂ  assessment and risk management mechanism. It is necessary that the banking system is to be equipped with prudential norms to minimize if not ÂÂ  completely to avoid the problem of NPAs. The onus for containing the factors ÂÂ  leading to NPAs rests with banks themselves. This will necessitates organizational restructuring, improvement in the managerial efficiency and skill up gradation for proper assessment of credit worthiness It is better to avoid NPAs at the nascent stage of credit consideration by putting in place of rigorous and mappropriate credit appraisal mechanisms 2) Non-Performing Assets in Indian Banks Bansal. Kumar Sathish The Indian banking sector is facing a serious problem of NPA. The extent of NPA is comparatively higher in public sectors banks. (Table IIIII). To improve the efficiency and profitability, the NPA has to be scheduled. Various steps have been taken by government to reduce the NPA. It is highly impossible to have zero percentage NPA. But at least Indian banks can try competing with foreign banks to maintain international standard. 3)Majumdar Alok, NPAs : Recovery Blues, Treasury Management (Dec.2000) pp. 46-49. A strong banking sector is important for a flourishing economy. The failure of the banking sector may have an adverse impact on other sectors. Over the years, much has been talked about NPAs and the emphasis so far has been only on identification and quantification of NPAs rather than on ways to reduce and upgrade them. There is also a general perception that the prescription of 40% of net bank credit to priority sectors have led to higher NPAs, due to credit to th ese sectors becoming sticky. Managers of rural and semi-urban branches generally sanction these loans. In the changed context of new prudential norms and emphasis on quality lending and profitability, managers should make it amply clear to potential borrowers that banks resources are scarce and these are meant to finance viable ventures so that these are repaid on time and relevant to other needy borrowers for improving the economic lot of maximum number of households. Hence, selection of right borrowers, viable economic activity, adequate finance and timely disbursement, correct end use of funds and timely recovery of loans is absolutely necessary pre conditions for preventing or minimizing the incidence of new NPAs. NON-PERFORMING ASSETS AND PROVISIONING A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW Narasimham Committee The government of India set up a nine member committee under the chairman ship of Mr. Narasimham, the former of governor of Reserve bank of India, to examine the structure and functioning of the existing financial systems of India and suggest financial reforms. The report of the committee was tabled in the parliament of December 17th 1991. The main recommendations of the committee are 1. A phased achievement of 8% capital adequacy ratio. 2. A phased reduction f statutory liquidity ratio; 3. Prudential guidelines governing the functioning of financial institutions; and 4. Proper classification of assets and full disclosure and transparency of banks and financial institutions. Most of the recommendations have been accepted by the government. While the most of the recommendations made by the committee in the 1 phase have been accepted for implementation, either in a single step or in a phased manner, some of them are yet to be considered for the same. These measures implemented so far have revolutionized the structure of the banking industry and its operations. Concept of NPAs as per Narasimham Committee Recommendations The Narasimham committee recommendations suggested that loans and advances in banks should classified in to performing and non performing on the basis of the health of the loans assets and the record of adherence to repayment of installments and interest on due dates. The committee also recommended that the banks be allowed to book to income by way of interest debited to an account only when it was found realizable with in a given time frame. The committee suggested that the banks should make provision for all NPAs on the basis of classification of such assets based on the age of irregularity, security cover available etc. The RBI accepted the recommendations of the committee with regard to introduction of norms for income recognition and asset classification and provisioning an advised the banks to implement the same in a phased manner beginning 1st April 1992. The asset of a bank are cash and balances with RBI, balances with banks and money at call and short notice, investm ent in government and other securities, advances (including loans and advances, bill purchased, discounts and other credit facilities), fixed and other assets. Performing and non-performing assets A performing asset is an advance, which generate income to the bank by way of interest and their charges. An NPA is an advance of borrower account which does not generate income for the bank but they incur various inherent costs like a) Cost of deposit b) Cost of servicing c) provisioning at appropriate rates d) Capital adequacy requirements on these assets and e) Cost of recovery. Identification of NPAs Identification of an account as NPA depends upon the nature of borrowal account whether it is a) Operative b) Non operative c) Bills d) Agricultural advances or any other miscellaneous accounts. A. Operative like cash credit, over draft etc: A cash credit / over draft account will have to be treated as NPA if account remains out of order for more than 180 days. An account shall be out of order if any one of the following conditions exist:- a. The balance outstanding remakes continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit during the last six months prior to balance sheet. b. The balance outstanding is within the limit / drawing / drawing power but there is no credit in the account continuously for six months as on the balance sheet date. c. There is credit but such credit is not enough to cover the interest debited during the six month as on the date of banks balance sheet. B. Non operative like term loans, borrowal account with repayment programs: If interest / installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 180 days. Note: When the prudential norms were introduced in 1992, the concept of past due was incorporated and it was classified that an amount should be classified as past due when it remains outstanding for 30 days beyond the due date. However due to improvement in the payment and settlement systems, recovery climate, up gradation of technology in banking systems etc. It has been decided by RBI to dispense with the past due concept with effect from 31st March 2001. Hence to all account to become NPA, cut off date is September 30th of the Year under audit. C. Bill purchased / Discounted / Negotiated: A bill purchased / discounted / negotiated becomes NPA, if it remains overdue and unpaid for two quarters or more. For bills discounted, for the unusance period and grace period should be taken to consideration for arriving at the due date. D. Agricultural advances: Agricultural advances where interest and or installments of principal remains unpaid after it has become past due for two harvest season but for a period exceeding to half years should be treated as NPA. E. Miscellaneous accounts Any other credit facility or account should be treated as NPA if any amount to be received in respect of that facility or amount remains unrealized / uncovered for a period of two quarters. Gross NPA and Net NPA As per RBI circular gross advance means all outstanding loans and advances for which refinance has been received but excluding rediscounted risks and advances written off at Head Office level. The gross NPA and net NPA are always expressed as a percentage of advances. The percentage of gross NPA to advances including all Interest Suspense account where the bank is following the accounting practice of debiting interest to the customer account and crediting Interest Suspense account. The following are deducted from gross NPA to arrive at net NPA. a. Balance in Interest Suspense account, if applicable; b. Deposit Insurance Guarantee Corporation / Export Credit Guarantee Corporation claim receive and pending adjustment; c. Part payment received and kept in Suspense account; d. Total provisions held excluding technical write off made at Head Office and provision of standard assets. RBI has advised that while reporting banks has to reduce technical write off made at Head O ffice from gross advance also. Asset classification Norms A critical analysis for a comprehensive review and uniform credit monitoring was introduced in 1985 to 86 by RBI by way of the Head Code system in banks which provide information regarding the health of the individual advances, quality of credit portfolio and the extend of advances causing concern in relation to total advances. It was consideredthat information would be off immense use to bank management for control purposes. RBI advised all commercial banks on 07/11/1985 to introduce the Health code classification assigning each approval account with a health code (in eight categories) indicating its quality. Despite all these true picture was still not displayed. In order the ensure greater transparency in the borrowal account and to reflect actual health quality of banks in the balance sheet, RBI introduced prudential regulation relating to Income Recognition, Asset classification and provisioning as recommended by the Narasimham Committee with certain modifications in a phas ed manner over a three year period beginning from 1992 1993. The Narasimham committee is of the view that for the purpose of provisioning banks and financial institutions should classify their assets by compressing the health V code into four broad groups, taking into account the degree of well defined credit weakness and the extend of dependence on security for realization of dues as below: Standard asset: Standard asset is one, which does not disclose any problems and does not carry more than normal risk attached to the business. Sub standard assets: Sub standard asset is one, which is a non-performing asset for a period not exceeding 18 months. Doubtful assets: Doubtful asset is one, which has remained as a non-performing assets for a period exceeding 18 months. A loan classified as doubtful has all the weakness inherent as that of substandard account with the added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation of outstanding dues in such an acco unt in full, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loss assets: Loss assets is one, where loss has been identified by the banks or internal or external auditors or RBI inspecting official but the amount has not been written off, wholly or partly. Adoption of 90 days norm: The RBI has advised banks to adopt 90 days norm instead of 180 days for classification of assets as in impaired one with effect from MARCH 2004 and to start making additional provisions for such asserts from March 2002 to absorb the impact due to reduction of NPA period. The accounts which may turn NPA with 90-day period have to be identified and 10% provision to be found out. Guidelines for classification of assets The classification of assets into above categories should be done taking into account the degree of well-defined credit weakness and the extend of dependence on collateral security for realization of dues. Banks should establish appropriate internal systems to eliminate the tendency to delay or postpone the identification of NPAs, especially in respect of high value accounts. The bank may fix a minimum cut off point to decide what would constitute a high value account depending upon their respective business levels. The cut off point will be valid for the entire accounting year. Accounts with temporary deficiencies: The classification of assets as NPA should be based on record of recovery. Banks should not classify an advance as NPA merely due to the existence of some deficiencies which are temporary in nature such as non availability of adequate drawing power base don the latest available stock statement, balance outstanding exceeding the limits temporarily, non submission of stock statements and non renewal of the limits on the due date etc. Asset classification to be borrower-wise and not facility-wise a. It is difficult to envisage a situation when only one facility to a borrower becomes a problems credit and not others. Therefore, all the facilities granted by a bank to a borrower will have to be treated as NPA and not the particular facility or part there of which has become irregular. b. If the debits arising out of development of letters of credit or invoked guarantees are parked in a separate account, the balance outstanding in that account also should be treated as a part of the borrowers principal operating account for the purpose of application of prudential loans on income recognition, asset classification and provision. Asset classification of accounts under consortium should be based on the record of recovery of the individual member banks and other aspects having a bearing on the recoverability of the advances. Where the remittances by the borrower under consortium lending arrangements are pooled with one bank and / or where the banks receiving remittances is n ot parting with the share of other member banks, the account will be treated as not serviced in the books of the other member banks and therefore, be treated as NPA. The banks particularly in the consortium should, therefore, arrange to get their share of recovery transferred from the lead bank or get an express consent from the lead bank for the transfer of their share of recovery, to ensure proper asset classification in their respective books. Accounts where there is erosion in the value of security a. A NPA need not go through various stages of classification in cases of serious credit impairment and such assets should be straight away classified as doubtful or loss asset as appropriate. Erosion in the value of security can be reckoned as significant when realizable value of the security is less than 50% of the value assessed by the bank or accepted by the RBI at the time of last inspection, as the case may be. Such NPAs may be straight away classified under doubtful category and provisioning should be made as applicable to doubtful assets. b. If the realizable value of the security has assessed by the bank/approved valuers / RBI is less than 10% of the outstanding in the borrowal accounts, the existence of security should be ignored and the asset should be straight away classified as loss asset. It may be either written off or fully provided for by the bank. Up gradation of NPA Up gradation of with in the doubtful status or upgrading it from the doubtful to substandard shall not be made due to subsequent recoveries unless the account is regularized and comes out of the NPA status. In other words, the date on which an account become irregular shall not be changed due to subsequent recoveries, till regularization of the account. Income recognition Interest income is recognized on an approval basis except in case of NPAs where it is recognized on receipt. This means income can be recognized only on receipt for NPA accounts. For performing assets, income can be recognized on the basis of receipts, accrual or both. Due to the implementation of the prudential norms accrual concept has been changed into recoverability concept in recognizing in the income on NPA. Provisioning There is time lag between an account becoming doubtful for recovery, the realization of security and erosion over a period of time in its value. So RBI directive now requires the banks to make provisions in their balance sheet for all non-standard loss assets. Doubtful assets: a. 100 percent of the extend to which the advance is not covered by realizable value of the security to which the banks has a valid recourse and the realizable value is estimated on a realistic basis. b. In regard to the secured portion, provision may be made on the following basis, at the rate ranging from 20% to 50% of the secured portion depending upon the period for which the asset has remained doubtful. c. Additional provisioning consequent upon the change in the definition of doubtful assets effective from March 31st 2001 has to be made in phases as under. Ø As on 31-03-2001, 50% of the additional provisioning requirement on the assets, which became doubtful on account of new norm of 18 months for transition from substandard asset to doubtful category. Ø As on 31-03-2002, balance of the provisions not made during the previous year, in addition to the provisions needed, as on 31-03-2002. d. Banks are permitted to phase the additional provisioning consequen t upon the reduction in the transition period from sub standard to doubtful assets from 18 to 12 months over a four year period commencing from the year ending March 31st 2005, with a minimum of 20% each year. Sub standard assets A general provision of 10% on total outstanding should be made without making any allowance for DICGC / ECGC guarantee cover and securities available. Standard assets a. From the year ending 31-03-2000, the banks should make a general provision of a minimum of 0.25% of standard assets on global loan portfolio basis. b. The provisions on standard assets should not be reckoned for arriving at net NPAs. c. The provision towards standard assets need not be netted from gross advances but shown separately as contingent provisions against standard assets under other liabilities and provisions others in schedule five of the balance sheet. For arriving at the provision amount, the following matters may be kept in mind. a. For finding the secured portion only the tangible security (both primary and collateral) is considered. b. As the outstanding in the ledger as on March 31st include interest transferred to the uncollected INTEREST account. This amount has to be reduced from the outstanding amount. DICGC/ECGC cover available cannot be reduced in the case of advances classified as sub standard before applying 10% provision. Reasons for Mounting NPAs there are several factors related to the borrower, which adversely affect their repayment. These include: ÂÂ · Diversion of funds as revealed by an RBI study. ÂÂ · Technological changes ÂÂ · Power shortage ÂÂ · Business failures ÂÂ · Inefficient management ÂÂ · Industrial recession ÂÂ · Strained labour relations ÂÂ · Price escalation ÂÂ · Serious inherent operational problems ÂÂ · Natural calamities PERFORMANCE AND PROGRESS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK Performance and progress made by the Punjab sind bank can be measured by analyzing the various parameters like the deposits, advances, net profit, cost of deposit, staff productivity etc. of the bank over past few years. THE DEPOSITS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2002-03 TO 2007-08) Amount in Crores Year Deposits of the bank (Rs) Increase / Decrease over the previous years figure % Increase / decrease over the previous years figure Index with year 2002-03 as base year 2002-03 840.58 100.00 2003-04 915.96 151.34 +18.0 108.97 2004-05 1138.67 222.71 24.3 135.46 2005-06 1296.31 157.64 13.8 154.22 2006-07 1477.87 181.56 14.0 175.82 2007-08 1639.54 161.67 10.9 195.05 The aggregate deposits of the bank has increased from 840.58 crore to 1639.543 crores during the period 2002-03 to 2007-08. On analyzing the trend of such increase in the deposits over the period we can clearly see that it is increasing at a decreasing rate. The modest growth especially during the last three years is mainly due to a conscious decision on to shed the highest cost deposits, more particularly from institutions. With focus on bringing down the cost of deposit, field function areas have been constantly exhorted to step up the share of low cost of deposit. ADVACES OF THE PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 1998-99 TO 2007-08) Amount in Crores Year Advance of the Bank (Rs) Increase / Decrease over the previous years figure % Increase / decrease over the previous years figure Index with year 1998-99 as base year 1998-99 110.6 100.00 1999-00 163.26 53.0 48.16 148.34 2000-01 285.89 122.63 75.11 259.76 2001-02 448.59 162.70 56.91 407.87 2002-03 562.41 114.00 25.37 512.07 2003-04 576.06 13.65 2.40 523.41 2004-05 605.23 29.17 5.10 549.91 2005-06 776.31 171.08 28.6 705.35 2006-07 965.22 188.91 24.0 876.99 2007-08 993.51 28.29 2.90 902.70 The aggregate advances of the bank has increased from 110.06 crores to 993.51 crores during the period 1998-99 to 2007-08.The credit appraisal system was fine tuned and effective system was put to place to ensure the quality of asset. A tenor linked prime lending rate was introduced during the year 2001 to give a boost to short term lending. Exposure to various sectors is strictly maintained within the stipulated ceiling. The system and procedures were streamlined to incipient irregularities in the asset step without delay. A substantial po sitive change in credit dispensation and monitoring was initiated through a visited credit policy. Which primarily aim at segmentation of the retail and corporate portfolios for improved thrust in both these areas. COST OF DEPOSIT OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 97-98 TO 01-02) Year Percentage of cost Increase / Decrease over the previous year 2003-04 10.28 2004-05 10.35 0.07 2005-06 9.49 (-0.86) 2006-07 8.92 (-0.57) 2007-08 8.53 (-0.39) The cost of deposit of Punjab sind bank shown a constant decrease during the period 2004-05 to 2007-08 except for the year 2004-05 in which there was a slight increase of .07%. On analyzing the trend of decrease in the cost of deposit we can see that it is decreasing at decreasing rate. Such a decreasing trend in the cost of deposit, achieving by systematic branch wise monitoring. Also shift in deposit portfolio of the bank from high cost deposit to low cost deposit also has contributed to the efforts. NET PROFIT OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2000-01 TO 2007-08) Amount in crores Year Net Profit of the Bank Increase / Decrease over the previous years figure % Increase / decrease over the previous years figure Index with year 00-01 as base year 2000-01 442 100.00 2001-02 472 30 6.78 106.78 2002-03 791 319 67.6 178.96 2003-04 840 49 6.2 190.05 2004-05 387 -453 54.2 87.56 2005-06 1128 741 191.5 255.20 2006-07 677 -451 39.9 153.20 2007-08 1007 330 48.7 277.83 The profitability of the bank has increased from 4.42 crores to 10.07 crores during the period 2001-02 to 2007-08.this increase was not steady. The banks profitability was severely affected during the years 2004-05 and 2006-07.One of the reasons was the continuous fall in the interest and the adverse market conditions due to which the profit n trading in investment was reduced by 3.18 crores Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) also added to the burden by an amount of 2.48 crores. Another major contribution was the impaired loan assets, which were written off instead of being provided for. The continuous fall in the interest rate continued even in 2007-08, but the treasury ma rket contributed appreciably to the profitability. STAFF PRODUCTIVITY OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 01-02 TO 01-02) Year Productivity / Business per employee Increase / Decrease over the previous years figure % Increase / decrease over the previous years figure Index with year 2000-01 as base year 2000-01 63.0 100.00 2001-02 96.6 36.0 54.14 152.38 2002-03 115.00 19.0 19.79 182.54 2003-04 121.00 6.9 3.90 192.06 2004-05 131.17 10.17 8.26 208.21 2005-06 153.66 22.49 17.56 243.90 2006-07 184.28 30.62 19.50 292.51 2007-08 199.24 14.96 5.40 316.25 The staff productivity of the banks has increased from 63 lakhs to 199.24 lakhs over the period 2000-01 to 2007-08.The bank has recognized that up gradation of employee skills at all levels is essential to meet competitive challenges. Accordingly, the Punjab sind banks staff training imparts timely training to the employees covering areas like forex, credit, non-performing assets management, priority sector, human resource management, automation, customer service, marketing etc. The bank is also at times introduce staff welfare measures aimed at increasing the motivational level of employees with a futuristic vision and to offer ANALYSIS OF NPAs OF PUNJAB SIND BANK LMITED A bank is an institution, which deals with money and credit. It accepts deposits from public, makes the funds available to those who need them, and helps in the remittances of money from one place to another. In other words, a banks collects money from those who have it to spare or who are saving it out of their income and it lends money to those who require it. A unique function of the bank is to create credit. In fact, credit creation is the natural outcome of the process of advancing loans as adopted by the banks. When a bank advances a loan to its customers it does not lend cash but open an account in the borrowers name and credit the amount of loan to this account. Thus whenever a bank grants a loan, it creates an equal amount of bank deposit. Creation of such deposit is called credit creation. Which results in a net increase in the money stock of the economy. Banks have the ability to create many times more than their deposit and this ab ility of multiple credit creation depends up on the cash reserve ratio of the banks. When these loans taken are not repaid so much of funds has gone out of the financial system and the cycle of lending-repaying-re lending is broken. The bank has to repay its depositors and others from whom money has been borrowed. If the borrowers does not repay, the bank has to borrow additional capital funds to repay the depositors and creditors. This lead to a situation where bank also reluctant to lend fresh loans thus chocking the system. Once the credit to the various sectors of the economy slows down, economy is badly hurt. There will be slow down in the growth in industrial output and fall in the profit margins of the corporate and subsequent in the markets. FIGURES RELATING TO NON-PERFORMING ASSETS (GROSS NET)AND THEI PERCENTAGE WITH PROVISIONS MADE TOWARDS THEM. Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particular Gross NPA N.A. N.A. 9635.89 11756.70 13489.00 14586.00 Net NPA N.A. N.A. 7531.26 8582.33 10167.00 10955.00 Net Advances N.A. N.A. 61080.78 77457.85 89656.08 93953.09 Net NPA to Net Advances 4.51 11.01 12.31 11.08 11.34 11.66 Provision towards NPA 225.00 661.00 629.00 1070.00 3322.00 3631.00 Net profit during the year 791.00 840.00 387.00 1128.00 677.00 1007.00 In this study an attempt is made to analyze the non-performing asset level of Punjab sind bank by analyzing the various figures relating to the bank in the terms of gross non performing asset, net non performing asset, net advances, provision made towards non performing assets each year which have been complied from the various years annual report of the bank. NET NPA FIGURES OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2004-05 TO 2007-08) Gross NPA N.A. N.A. 9635.89 11756.70 13489.00 14586.00 Net NPA N.A. N.A. 7531.26 8582.33 10167.00 10955.00 Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particulars: ANALYSIS The aggregate net non-performing asset of the bank is on an upward trend. But taking on a yearly basis, not much trend could be identified out of the four years of data considered for analysis, net non-performing asset, increased at an increasing rate registering an increase of 14% and 18.5% respectively. But in the third year there was a decline in the rate of increase, say, and the net non performing assets increased only by 7%. This can be seen from the chart above. INTEPRETATION The movement of NPA seems to have increased at an increasing rate, even though slight decrease is observed in the rate of growth in some years. So from data analyzed above, it can be assumed that the bank has taken either stringent steps to reduce the NPA or it might not have given more advances during that year. NET ADVANCES OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2004-05 TO 2007-08) Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Net Advances N.A. N.A. 61080.78 77457.85 89656.08 93953.09 Particulars: ANALYSIS The advances of the bank show an upward trend through the period 2004-05 to 2007-08. This can be seen from the data regarding the advances of the bank during this period. Net advances of the bank increased by 26.8% in the first year, 15.8% in the second year 4.8% in the third year. From this it could be seen that such increase in net advances is increasing at a decreasing rate over the period under study. INTERPRETATION Non-performing assets being a direct result of advances, it may have resulted from increase in the net advances. While increasing advances may be necessary for the survival progress of the bank itself, it should not mean increased justification for the higher incidence of non-performing assets. If recovery were good, perhaps, NPA could have been reduced. In other words, increased NPA can be directly attributed to non-recovery advances made to borrowers, in time. NET NON PERFORMING ASSETS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK AS A PERCENTAG OF NET ADVANCES (FROM 2002-03 TO 2007-08) Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particular Net NPA to Net Advances 4.51 11.01 12.31 11.08 11.34 11.66 ANALYSIS To understand the real impact of non-performing assets, the chart is drawn taking the net non-performing assts of the bank as a percentage of the net advances. From such chart, what can be seen is that the said percentage (the net non performing assets as percentage of net advances) was constantly increasing for the first three years and showed a sudden decline in 2005-2006s before increasing again. INTERPRETATION Even though there was a sharp increase in the advances given by the bank in the year 1999-2000, it can be seen that Net NPA decreased to a great extent in that year. From this we can assume that bank must have taken up fruitful efforts to recover money from the willful defaulters. On the other hand, borrowers may have become incapable to pay back, possibly NET PROFIT AND PROVISION TOWARDS NON-PERFORMING ASSETS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2002-03 TO 2007-08) Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08Particular Provision towards NPA 225.00 661.00 629.00 1070.00 3322.00 3631.00 Net profit during the year 791.00 840.00 387.00 1128.00 677.00 1007.00 ANALYSIS On analyzing profit and loss account of the bank, it could be seen that provisions and contingencies is one herd, which has a negative impact on the net profit of the banks, and provisions made towards non-performing assets, being item contributing to such head. On going through the figures of the Punjab sind bank relating to net profit and provision made towards non performing assets, a sharp increase can be seen in the provision made towards non performing assets in the year 1999-2000, which could be explained by the tightening of provision norms which made it compulsory for banks to keep a provision of .25% even on their standard assets also from 31-3-2000. INTERPRETATION Profit is the most important parameter for evaluating the performance of a bank. In the present day scenario profit is not just an accounting concept of excess of income over the expenditure, but is surely more which ensures survival and growth in the future. Level of non-performing asset is an important factor affecting the profit of the bank,. as the profit margin depends up on the synthesis of cost and yield (by yielding no income) reduce the profit. Here in the case of Punjab sind bank, the provision made towards NPA has increased at an increasing rate over the year, which has a negative impact on the profit of the bank. So we can assume that profit of the bank might have affected negatively because of the exorbitant provision towards NPA. This may be because, in the event of absolute non-recovery of the lent money, certain provisions become necessary in order to reduce profits, so that taxation can be under control MOVEMENT OF NON-PERFORMING ASSETS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK LIMITED FROM (2004-05 TO 2007-08) Year 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particular Gross NPA 9635.89 11756.70 13489.00 14586.00 Additions during the year 3970.81 4654.0 5546.0 Reductions during the year 1850.00 2922.0 4449.0 Net recovery during the year 2120.81 1732.00 1097.00 Recovery as a % of gross NPAs 18.04 12.84 7.52 Description of the above table: From the table above it could be seen that even though there is a substantial increase in the reductions in non-performing assets over the years, the additions are also on the increasing at a higher rate. As a result, the net result, the recovery is affected, showing a decline a decline in the trend which is clearly shown in the chart below, with net recovery during the year taken as a percentage of gross non performing assets NET RECOVERY OFPUNJAB SIND BANK AS A PERCENTAGE OF THEIR GROSS NPA (FROM 2005-06 TO 2007-08) Table-6.7 Year 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particulars Recovery as a % of gross NPAs 18.04 12.84 7.52 ANALYSIS The net recovery during the year 1999-2000 was 18.04% of gross non performing assets, while it was 12.84% and 7.52% in the following two years i.e., in 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively, i.e., the net recovery is declining not only by amount but also with respect to its contribution as a percentage of gross non performing assets. This is an alarming situation. INTERPRETATION The above analysis reflects that the Banks recovery strategy may not be effective., So we can conclude that banks NPA is increased perhaps because of inefficient recovery strategy. While the strategy for recovery may have been good, the banks recovery in-charge officials may not have taken the necessary Herculean efforts towards the same in order to save the bank from the current pathetic situation. Lethargy, or complacency of previous years good recovery may have crept in. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTION FINDINGS From analyzing the data collected, the various parameters like the deposits, advances, gross NPA, Net NPAs, cost of deposits, staff productivity etc. of the bank over a past few years, the following findings were arrived at. Net advances is also increasing but at decreasing rate over the period under study. The aggregate net NPAs of the bank are on an upward trend. Staff productivity of the bank is increasing. Which indicates efficient recovery measures but is not reflected in the recovery trend. Provision made towards NPAs were on a sharp increase affecting the net profit adversely. The net result, the recovery is affected, showing a decline in the trend.

John Laurens Revolutionary War Soldier, Abolitionist

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The issues this book discusses, the new social, demographic and economic REALITIES, are not issues that GOVERNMENT can successfully deal with. They are issues that will have profoundRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesDesign Cover Credit George Hoffman Lise Johnson Sarah Vernon Amy Scholz Laura Finley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb editorial services David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002

Book Introduction for Women Behaving Badly Essay Example For Students

Book Introduction for Women Behaving Badly Essay Throughout the ages, women all over the world from every race, culture and religion have behaved badly. This bad behaviour has occurred in innumerable forms, yet is generally universally agreed to be defined as the transgression of the implicit social, behavioural and moral conventions and of course the explicit political regulations that bind a society. Thus, a woman who behaves in an undesirable manner is one who defies her societys conformist expectations of her place in its composition, and thus acts in such a way as that her behaviour offends those around her. Hence in this particular context, the term behaving badly could perhaps be more appropriately expressed as behaving differently. In light of this, many of the worlds most famous women: both historically and in our modern era, can be regarded as women behaving badly. Consider the first woman, Eve, whose disobedience of the worlds first set of laws resulted in mans expulsion from paradise; French national heroine St Joan of Arc, a simple fifteenth-century peasant girl who rescued France from defeat in one of the darkest periods of the Hundred Years War with England; African-American seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks, who through refusing a white passenger her bus seat in 1955 staged one of the largest protests of the American civil rights movement; and, more recently, Pauline Hanson, whose politically incorrect opinions made her the target of Australian anti-racist antagonism. Among the readings included in this book are two texts whose heroines particularly emulate this concept of women behaving badly: Lysistrata by Aristophanes, and Chaucers the Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale.  In her original context of 5th century Greece, Aristophanes character of Lysistrata could be described as a typical woman behaving badly: defying all of her societys unwritten social rules, and crossing all of the boundaries of decency and common sense a radical deviation from her societys expectations of the role and place of women at the time. The extremity of the digression of Lysistratas behaviour from the 5th century status quo ensures that she can be seen as a clear example of such a woman behaving badly. Thus, Lysistratas behaviour is bad in the most fundamental sense. Chaucers Wife of Bath is an equally fitting candidate for the title of a true woman behaving badly. The Wife: outspoken, crude and independent, is also portrayed by Chaucer to be seen as bad: that is, unusual in her manner, values and behaviour in the context of her own era: the conservative, often prudish Middle Ages. The Wife, however, appears to be fully aware of her defiance of her societys expectations of women such as her yet delights in her bad behaviour, boasting to her audience of her scandalous actions. Accordingly, the character of the Wife is most certainly an appropriate personality to include in this collection of readings, as she not only represents the personification of bad behaviour, but she is also an obvious advocate for the need for societies implicit social boundaries to be crossed in the first place by individuals such as herself. Nevertheless, Lysistrata and the Wife of Bath are together only two examples of Women Behaving Badly: merely threads in the rich tapestry of different opinions, perspectives and ideas that the readings in this book offer concerning the multitudes of women the world over whose behaviour have been labeled bad.

Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing Essay Example

Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing Essay P2-describe the limitations and constraints of marketing Limitations and constraints include; Sales of Goods Act 1979 Trade Descriptions Act 1968 Consumer Credit Act 2006 Data Protection Act 1968 Voluntary constraints Direct Marketing Association (DMA) Pressure groups and consumerism Acceptable language Sales of goods act 1979 The sales of goods act needs sellers to trade goods that are as they advertised and described. The good or service has to be of satisfactory quality. Effectively meaning that for an organisation like micro-soft, the goods and services must be described precisely when promoted because the company needs to be able to prove that the product can do what they say. Trading Regulations 2008 This act enables clients to equal treatment from businesses they deal with. Within this act, businesses can’t use fear to sell their products. Businesses can’t lie to promote products for example ‘closing down sale’ when they are going to stay open after them sale. So blackberry can’t advertise their products with features that they don’t have. The latest Blackberry boasts the best resolution screen of its kind, which then had to be verified and researched by an independent organisation to see it the statement, was true. Consumer Credit Acts 2006 These acts apply to businesses that offer goods or services on credit or companies that lend money to consumers. To be in this category, businesses must be licensed by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), this would handle and include the method of calculating APR and the form and content of the agreement. The consumer credit act 2002 defends consumer’s rights when they purchase things on credit. When lending money, companies much have interest rates clearly identified and these can’t be changing them after. The Data Protection 1968 This Act means that any information taken by a salespersons can only be used for the reasoned mentioned when taken , it has to be precise and up to date, it can’t be taken for a longer period of time than the time mentioned when it was taken , and can only be taken properly and lawfully. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It must be kept up to date because if someone dies it is put on the up date. Furthermore your information is protected from unauthorised use, and cannot be given on to other companies without your permission. Voluntary codes This is when businesses volunteers that they will never do something or they will always do something. This might include signing a code of practice mentioning specific behaviours and rules ethically, even though it can’t be legally enforced.

Hospital Volunteer Opportunities for High School Students A Guide

Hospital Volunteer Opportunities for High School Students A Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Interested in pursuing a career in medicine? If you are, being a hospital volunteer in high school is a fantastic way to test out the profession. If you’re not interested in pursuing a career in medicine but still want to volunteer, that’s great too! Being a hospital volunteer is very rewarding, but it’s also a lot of hard work. How can you become a hospital volunteer? Why should you volunteer at a hospital? What are the main duties of a hospital volunteer? I’ll answer these questions and more in this guide. // What Are the Major Duties of a Hospital Volunteer? Hospitals often have specific â€Å"jobs† set aside for volunteers, and you can request your job preference. You likely will stick with that one job and won’t rotate duties. When you begin, you'll have an orientation and be trained for your position which is why you most likely won’t rotate. // Here are the main types of hospital volunteer opportunities for high school students: Greeter/Concierge/Information Desk/Customer Service:Greet patients and visitors to the hospital and help them find their destinations. Clerical Assistant:Assist with filing, typing, and answering phones. Mail/Magazine Cart/Flower/Balloon Delivery:Assist with sorting and delivering these items to patients. Dish Washer:Help clean dishes and utensils from patients and visitors. Patient Care Assistant:Assist patients to make them as comfortable as possible. For example, you might be getting extra pillows for patients or delivering meals. // For most hospitals, you’ll be expected to commit to volunteering for at least 50 hours per year. Shifts are typically 4 hours (though this may vary by hospital).Expect to work once every other week (though, again, this may vary by hospital). Depending on how many volunteers the hospital has you may or may not be working with other volunteers. If your hospital is low on volunteers, you’ll likely be working alone. If your hospital has a lot of volunteers, you’ll probably be working with other volunteers. // What Won’t You Be Doing as a Hospital Volunteer? As a volunteer, you won't be doing any actual medical procedures or advising patients. You’ll simply be there to help with more basic tasks (such as delivering things and helping visitors and patients find their way around the hospital). // How Do You Find Hospital Volunteer Opportunities for High School Students? To become a hospital volunteer, you should first conduct a quick Google Search for the hospitals in your area by searching, â€Å"[Town Name] Hospitals.† After identifying your local hospitals, locate each hospital’s volunteer program by Google searching, â€Å"[Hospital Name] volunteer.†This should bring you to a page forthe hospital’s volunteer program. If you’re having trouble finding the information online, ask your high school guidance counselor for assistance. They likely can connect you with either the hospital or with another student who worked as a hospital volunteer (who can tell you how to apply). // Each hospital may have slightly different requirements to become a volunteer, but here are the most common requirements I’ve seen. To become a volunteer, all applicants (regardless of age) must: Submit an online application Do an interview with the volunteer manager Get a TB test (some also require a flu shot) Attend a volunteer orientation Complete all forms Submit to a background check Some hospitals also require you to pay for a volunteer uniform, which costs $15-30 // For potential volunteers under 18, you may also have to: Be over age 15 Secure parental consent to volunteer Submit a letter of recommendation from your high school guidance counselor, principal, or teacher Commit to completing 50 hours of volunteer work in a year. // If you’re wondering why there are so many steps and requirements, it’s because you’ll essentially become an unpaid employee of the hospital.You’ll be interacting with their patients, and they want to make sure you’ll be a good representation of the hospital. Who Would Be a Good Hospital Volunteer Candidate? A good hospital volunteer is someone who is selfless, flexible, and be willing to do any job, no matter how small.Being a hospital volunteer will not always be fun.Many of the jobs require sitting at a desk, cleaning, or organizing.However, these jobs are necessary to keep the hospital running. Additionally, hospitals have a lot of emergencies come up, so your duties may get changed last-minute.You should be willing to do whatever is asked of you. You also need to be upbeat and enjoy working with peopleto be a good hospital volunteer. You'll be talking to patients and visitors a lot. You shouldn’t be shy. Many of the patients that you’ll interact with are in the hospital because they’re very ill.You might bond with patients who ultimately pass away.It’ll be hard to watch, and you’ll need to stay strong and positive through their journey. A good hospital volunteer should also not be squeamish.You need to be prepared to see blood, scars, etc. Remember, you'rein a hospital. It’s pretty much inevitable that you’ll see someone’s blood being drawn or an IV being placed in a patient. If you can’t handle that, then being a hospital volunteer is not something you'd enjoy! While it’s a hard job, there are many reasons you should want to be a hospital volunteer. Read on to learn more about them. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. // What Are the Benefits of Being a Hospital Volunteer in High School? If you’re interested in a career in medicine, being a hospital volunteer will give you a good idea ofhow working in a hospital will feel.However, it may not give you the best insight into your specific job of interest (i.e. doctor, nurse) since you’re not going to be doing hands-on medical work.The most hands-on activities you’ll likelybe doing arehelping patients find pillows to make them comfortable, turning the TV on for them, reading to them, or pushing them around in a wheelchair. If you’re interested in getting better insight into your specific job, you should consider job shadowing a doctor. You canalso consider attending asummer medical program or doing a medical internship.However, you should know that you likely won’t be able to get much hands-on medical experience until you’re in college. Some high school summer medical programs offer some hands-on training, but it’s rare. While being a hospital volunteer is hard work, it has many benefits. You’ll meet like-minded and generous people who are donating their time to help others.As I said before, while you may not get great insights into medicine, you’ll get insight into the hospital environment and see if it’s a place where you could potentially work down the road. Volunteering at a hospital is also a great experience for your college applications, especially if you’re interested in a career in medicine. Being a hospital volunteershows colleges that you're serious about pursuing a career in medicinesinceyou've already dedicated time to working in a hospital. Also, it'sa free extracurricular experience that won’t cost you anything other than time (and potentially the cost of a uniform or TB test). Overall, volunteering at a hospital can be a great experience, and I’d recommend trying it if you’re interested in a career in medicine or want to spend time helping others. What’s Next? Interested in learning about other great extracurricular opportunities? Learn more about job shadowing, joining Model UN, and joining the high school newspaper. Interested in learning about other medical experiences? Learn about 59 medical programs for high school students. Learnhow to write about extracurriculars for your college application! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History - Essay Example In the 1890 and 1915 elections in the Unite States, the republicans and the democrats joined to draft state laws prohibiting third party candidates from having third names on the ballot in presidential elections. Third party candidates are more likely to win elections easily at the local level which may cost a lot in other aspects of the elections according to Bibby and Schaffner (278). In avoiding this, the American government adopts a unique electoral system of winner-takes-all which allows the domination of two parties only. The third party candidate is said to add more weight on either of the two candidates in an attempt to improve their political agenda after elections. Although these third party candidates rarely emerge as winners, they may have an impact on the elections. For instance they mostly accused with issue of spoiler impact. This is because they it is likely for them expose issues which majority parties may ignore. If the issue is accepted by the voters, the major par ties may adopt it into their party platform. Another impact of third party candidates is that they can be used to pass a protest vote as a type of referendum on a significant issue. This may have the effect of an important issue being voted against due to disagreements between the major parties.

Knowledge Economy in The UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Knowledge Economy in The UK - Essay Example Knowledge as a 'product' has acquired many management executives to research it in a broad spectrum where its governance has become a major concern in building international strategy, innovation and performance. Knowledge as a 'tool' examines the outcomes of knowledge processes, and what we mean by knowledge economy is to make the best out of this 'tool'. Knowledge economy is a product of strategical organisational fields that possess the capability to fulfill human capital inputs by increasing number of technologies (Brusoni et al, 2001). At an institutional level knowledge economy defines various levels to which regional or organisational policies are shaped in context with economic regimes. With knowledge comes innovation and a knowledge-enabled organisational environment adopts and implements knowledge strategies and develops knowledge culture in order to sustain competitiveness in the long term. However, the extent to which a knowledge economy is possible depends upon the organisation's primary levels of knowledge and innovation it can sustain (Hyde & Mitchell, 2000). Under the heading of knowledge economy lies increasing competitive pressures which are the outcomes of deregulation and internalisation. Governing knowledge under strategic management has bee... of knowledge not limited in a specific cultural context, but entails cross-cultural origins where integrating effects within and between organisations are managed. Gratton et al (1999) suggests that various research measures on a knowledge economy are dependent upon the influences that are acquired through appropriate use of knowledge with expertise that brings credibility to the HR department (Gratton et al, 1999: 13). Strategic HRM Perspective of the Organisation The SHRM focuses on four main perspectives that question existence of the organisation for resource allocation, in-house limitations governed through market relations, internal organisation and labor markets and competitive advantage (Foss, 2005: 24-25). Though performance management (PM) initiates knowledge management (KM) by controlling and aligning the most competent individuals to deploy other workforce in the interests of organisations, but it follows some views to regulate performance. Firstly, it closely monitors employee performance and competencies to specify behaviors, skills and knowledge for employees. Then there are monitoring outputs that allows employers to decentralise control and finally there are high-velocity environments to assess employees contribution in various components of the PM system like goal setting, evaluation, training and development etc (Gratton et al, 1999: 61). The resource based perspective of SHRM is to visualise the capabilities of organisation in the light of a bundle of tangible and intangible resources required to sustain in the market competition. It is the management that analyses the accumulated stock of knowledge, skills and abilities that the organisation possess in terms of human resource (Mabey et al, 1998: 76). Since KM varies according to spatial

Settlement of the West over the Whole Period Essay Example for Free

Settlement of the West over the Whole Period Essay In considering the process of the settlement of the West over the whole period, how far can the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 be seen as the key turning point? The war of 1812 was followed by a period of exploration of the West which had been greatly expanded by the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The process of expansion was huge and resulted in the original 13 states being 45 states by 1906. As well as the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican-American War and the Californian Gold Rush of 1848, the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Exodus movement from 1879 were all key turning points which helped the process of Westward Expansion. The key criteria for judging a turning point is if the event created opportunities to go west, if it opened up land to settle in and if it had a psychological impact on the nation. The Louisiana Purchase was a very significant event as it increased the size of the United States by double overnight for only $15 million. This was a key turning point in expansion as it opened up a huge amount of land for more settlers (an extra 828,000 square miles). Alongside this it created opportunities for people to travel west as it gave access to the Mississippi river which was important for travel and commerce. This purchase was also significant in the fact that it created a more secure environment for settlers as it eliminated the French from imperial competition, Jefferson believed the French were restricting US commerce and that they tried to control surrounding territory. Therefore this event affected the process of change as it allowed America to spread its resources and encouraged people to move west, such as the Indians which were encouraged to settle there. The most important reason for this event being a turning point was that it opened up a large amount of land to settle in, a lot of the further events which take place would not have happened if it wasn’t for this territory being the United States’ and so provided many reasons for expansion to continue. Another key event which took place was the Mexican American War of 1848 which begun because Texas was a gateway to the pacific and was a great agricultural prospect. This was a key turning point as it had a big psychological impact on the people of America as many believed in the Manifest destiny, in that America had a right to expand, and so supported the annexation of Texas which increased their spirits on westward settlement. Polk deliberately provoked a war as he knew they could easily be overcome. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848 which ceded California, Texas and New Mexico. Another reason for this being a turning point is that it gave access to the pacific meaning that farming was capable so created further opportunities to go west and again meant that transportation was made easier for commerce. The key reason this was a turning point was manifest destiny which was completed after this event. America had managed to secure land coast-to-coast which was a huge psychological moral boost for America who now knew they had a lot of power with a lot of land. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to California being ceded to Americ a. In 1848 there was the Californian Gold rush which primarily lasted until the early 1850’s with millions of families travelling from around the world to California and surrounding areas in search for fortune. In 1850, California (now a new state) had nearly 40% foreign born inhabitants, showing that this event increased the diversity of people settling West, but also inspired many to go as they believed a new life could be made from the Gold being found. Furthermore it dramatically increased the speed of people moving out west, by 1853 the population was approximately 250,000 whereas in 1848 the Californian territory had less than 1000 inhabitants. The Gold caused a great economic boom which created infrastructures leading to many people settling here and encouraged more to move west. The Californian Gold Rush’s most important reason that it is a turning point in westward expansion is that it created opportunities. It allowed people to make a lot of money from the Gold, but also from new businesses which were now being created due to a new market of people, and because of this and the great boom, many people started to settle here at a very fast rate. In 1862 the Homestead Act was put into place, this allowed farmers to acquire 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years, or for 6 months with an additional payment of $1.25 per acre. This was significant as it allowed small scale settlement to develop. In some ways this could be seen as a turning point as it gave farmers a chance to be economically dependent, which gave them opportunities to expand or to do other thing with their money. It also inspired many people to go west and take up these lands which could be seen from figures that show that 400,000 families set up there taking 285 million acres of land. On the other hand, there were points which showed that this wasn’t as significant as it seemed. Most significantly, there was a 43% failure rate for those trying to get land in Nebraska under the Homestead Act showing that it wasn’t as easy to settle west as the act tried to make it. Furthermore, land was put into the hands of men who had no sufficient foresight so even though this land was meant for farming, many people who didn’t know what to do with it took it up and eventually a lot of the land went to waste. This act of 1862 could be seen as a turning point mainly because of how it inspired many people to go west due to the huge amount of land it opened up allowing people to profit from it from farming. To conclude, the Louisiana Purchase which nearly doubled America overnight for just $15million was the key turning point in Westward expansion. This is because the other events which occurred which are all significant in their own right would not have occurred if they did not have the land. The conflict between Mexico and America would not have occurred as Polk would not have been inclined to want Texas as they would not have been near it. Therefore the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo would not have taken place which ceded California. Even though the Gold Rush would have still occurred in 1848, the sudden increase in prosperity due to the economic boom would not have helped America and therefore would not have been made an American state. Lastly, even though the Homestead Act of 1862 was not very successful, it still inspired many families to travel west, increased settlement there and helped westward expansion. However even this would not have happened if it wasn’t for the land being there in the first place due to the Louisiana Purchase.